随着全国“热力全开”,不少人用上了五花八门的防晒神器:防晒衣,遮阳帽,防晒口罩,冰袖……
其实,防晒并不是把阳光完全隔绝,而是科学地“躲、遮、涂”。

软硬兼施,防晒有讲究
世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)倡导防晒要遵循 “ABC法则”。在接受中国气象报社采访时,首都医科大学宣武医院皮肤科主任医师张海萍也曾提到过这一黄金标准。
Sun protection should follow the "ABC Rule", which is the gold standard recognized by dermatologists.
A(Avoid):躲避强光 (Avoid Strong Sunlight)
上午10点至下午4点是紫外线最强时段,在这个时间段内尽量减少户外暴晒。能不出门就不出门,是最有效的防晒。
The period between 10 am and 4 pm is when ultraviolet (UV) radiation is at its peak. It is advisable to minimize outdoor exposure during these hours. Staying indoors is the most effective form of sun protection.
ultraviolet (UV) /ˌʌltrəˈvaɪələt/ 紫外线
B(Block):硬防晒 (Physical Sun Protection)
这是最安全的物理遮挡,能直接将紫外线“截胡”。在防晒装备的选购上,也要看硬指标。
This is the safest method of physical shielding, capable of directly blocking UV rays. When selecting sun-protective gear, it is essential to look for specific technical indicators.
physical shielding/ˈfɪzɪkl ˈʃiːldɪŋ/ 物理遮挡
遮阳伞: 选深色、带防晒涂层的,认准UPF50+标识。别选透光的蕾丝伞或普通雨伞,几乎没用。
防晒衣: 认准UPF>40且UVA透过率<5%;普通T恤UPF只有5-10,根本不够。

帽子: 选宽檐帽,能遮住脸、脖子、耳朵最好。
太阳镜: 需标注“UV400”或“100%防紫外线”,不仅防晒还能保护眼周皮肤不长纹。
C(Cream):软防晒 (Chemical/Topical Sunscreen)
软防晒就是我们常用的防晒霜,它相当于给皮肤穿上了一层“隐形化学防护衣”。通过化学防晒剂吸收紫外线并转化为热量释放,或用物理防晒剂(如氧化锌)在皮肤表面反射紫外线。
This refers to the sunscreen lotions we commonly use, which act as an "invisible chemical protective layer" for the skin. They function by using chemical agents to absorb UV radiation and convert it into heat, or by using physical blockers (such as zinc oxide) to reflect UV rays off the skin's surface.
radiation/ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃn/ 辐射

防晒霜怎么选?
物理性防晒剂:常用二氧化钛、氧化锌。这类矿物质覆盖皮肤表面,通过反射和散射紫外线防护,不被皮肤吸收,刺激性小,适合敏感性皮肤、玫瑰痤疮患者及婴幼儿。
化学性防晒剂:通过吸收紫外线后转化为热能释放,保护皮肤DNA和结构蛋白。需多种成分复配实现广谱防护,肤感清爽,适合油性皮肤。敏感者使用前应在耳后试用。
目前市售防晒霜多为物化结合型,其核心指标SPF针对UVB,代表延长晒红时间的倍数;另一个核心指标PA针对UVA,+号越多防护越强。
通勤建议SPF30、PA++以上;户外活动应选SPF50、PA++++的广谱产品。

涂抹时切记“足量且成膜”:面部用量约1元硬币大小,出门前15-30分钟涂抹。户外出汗后,务必每2小时补涂一次。
适度晒太阳有利于身体健康
阳光是天然的“补药”。中波紫外线(UVB)能促进人体合成维生素D,帮助钙质吸收。
如果过度防晒、长期不见光,不仅容易骨质疏松,还会抑制血清素分泌,导致情绪低落和睡眠变差。
Medium-wave ultraviolet rays (UVB) can promote the human body's synthesis of vitamin D, thereby aiding calcium absorption.
However, excessive sun protection and a prolonged lack of sunlight exposure can not only increase the risk of osteoporosis but also inhibit the secretion of serotonin, leading to low mood and poor sleep quality.
osteoporosis/ˌɑːstioʊpəˈroʊsɪs/ 骨质疏松

如何适度晒太阳
① 黄金时段
建议每天在清晨(9点前)或傍晚(4点后)阳光温和时进行。
For safe sun exposure, aim for early morning or late afternoon when the sun is mild.
② 暴露面积
此时面部可涂防晒,但尽量露出四肢(手臂、手背或小腿)晒10-20分钟,这足以满足人体合成维生素D的需求。
③ 影子法则:
如果不知道当下紫外线是否安全,可以看自己的影子。当影子长度大于身高时,紫外线较弱,可以放心晒;当影子短于身高时,紫外线辐射较强,此时就需要做好防护了。
A simple rule of thumb is to check your shadow: if it is longer than your height, UV radiation is weak, and exposing your limbs for 10-20 minutes is sufficient for vitamin D synthesis. However, if your shadow is shorter than you are, the UV rays are intense, and proper sun protection is essential.

过度防晒同样危险
在30多度的高温天裹得严严实实,不仅容易闷出痱子、痘痘,还极易引发致命的“热射病”。
此外,长期在烈日下硬扛,不仅会晒伤脱皮,还会加速皮肤光老化,甚至增加皮肤癌风险。
Excessive sun protection can be equally dangerous. Wrapping up tightly in scorching heat over 30 C not only causes heat rash and acne due to poor ventilation, but also significantly increases the risk of life-threatening heatstroke.
Furthermore, prolonged exposure to intense sunlight without protection doesn't just cause sunburn and peeling; it accelerates photoaging and may even elevate the risk of skin cancer.
防晒与晒太阳不是单选题。每天留出十几分钟,在温和的阳光下适度“光合作用”,才是对健康最聪明的投资。
屏幕前的你们有什么防晒的小妙招吗?你是“硬核防晒党”还是“佛系防晒派”?欢迎评论区留言分享。
来源:世界卫生组织 中国气象局 广州卫健委 扬子晚报 首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院 澎湃新闻等
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更新时间:2026-06-23
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